.help
.title 0 80 26 General Help Topics
.title 1 80 14 Condition Execution Commands
.title 2 80 11 CLIP commands
.title 3 80 11 Internal	Macros
.title 4 80 11 UEDT Commands
.title 5 80 11 CLIP Utilities
.title 6 80 11 CLIP Tools
.item overview 0
			       CLIP Overview

CLIP  is  a sophisticated state	of the art command line	 interpreter  which
interfaces between you and the operating system	allowing effortless program
development.   CLIP's  many  features include  multi-statement	lines,	I/O
redirection, pipes, command files with conditional execution, and extensive
on-line	help.
.verbose

CLIP uses concise, yet consistent, syntax to allow you to perform a variety
of  tasks.   For example,  CLIP's TYPE command not only	types files to	the
terminal  but  also allows you to specify the wildcard characters ?  and  *
when  displaying files.	  Like all other CLIP commands,	 the output of	the
TYPE command may be redirected from the	console	to another file	or even	the
printer	so that	by typing

			TYPE/>lst: *.PKG

you can	get a listing of all the files with a .PKG extension.

.end
.item special_characters 0
			  CLIP Special Characters

CLIP  uses  several characters to denote the following	special	 functions:
multi-statement	lines(;),  pipes(|),  comments(--), internal macros(%),	and
switches(/).
.verbose

The following is a list	of CLIP's special characters:

   	 ; (semicolon)	  Separates multiple statements on a line.
   	 | (vertical bar) Separates piped programs or macros.
   	-- (2 dashes)	  Denotes the start of	a comment.
   	 % (percent sign) Begins and ends an internal macro name.
   	 / (slash)	  Designates a	switch.

Sometimes  it  may  be	necessary  to use  these  characters  without  CLIP
attempting to interpret	them as	special	characters.  To	accomplish this	use
the %ASCII% internal macro to generate the appropriate character literally.

.end
.item line_editing 0
			       Line Editing

CLIP allows you, through the use of special control characters,	to edit	any
input  line  like a text editor	or word	processor,  to manipulate up to	 10
previous command lines,	 to control the	flow of	output,	and to stop program
execution.
.verbose

The standard line editing and control characters are:

		^A - Move backward one	word.
		^B - Move to beginning	of line.
		^C - Exit program or macro in progress.
		^D - Move forward one character.
		^E - Move backward one	command	line.
		^F - Move forward one word.
		^H - Erase previous character.
		^I - Tab.
		^K - Erase to end of line.
		^O - Discard terminal output toggle.
		^P - Enter next character with	no interpretation.
		^Q - Unsuspend	terminal output.
		^R - Redisplay	previous line or move to end of	current	line.
		^S - Move backward one	character or
		     suspend terminal output.
		^T - Toggle case of next character.
		^U - Erase entire line.
		^V - Toggle insert mode.
		^X - Move forward one command line.
		del- Erase previous character.

.end
.item command_files 0
			  Command Files	(Macros)

Command	files are the heart of the CLIP	system.	  CLIP commands	or most	any
keystroke  may	be placed into a file called a macro.	When the  macro	 is
invoked	 by  typing its	name or	by executing the MACRO command,	 CLIP  will
process	the macro file as if its contents were input by	the user.
.verbose

If a macro encounters an error it displays the message:

		ERROR in command:
		(line in error)
   		(error	explanation)

When  an error is detected,  control will return to the	terminal regardless
of how deep the	macro is nested.  Warning messages, however, will allow	the
macro to continue as if	no warnings were given.

Macro execution	may also be aborted by typing ^C.

.end
.item internal_macros 0
			      Internal Macros

CLIP has macros	that it	internally expands into	text strings whenever these
macros	are encountered	in a command line.  The	text strings may be used in
command	lines to substitute for	typed in text.	 Internal macros begin	and
end with a percent character (%).
.verbose

The following example contains two internal macros:

		WRITE I am on disk %DISK%: user #%USER%
This command is	equivalent to the command:

		WRITE I am on disk A: user #0
if you are on disk A, user 0.

.end
.item argument_extraction 0
			    Argument Extraction

Arguments of the following form	may be sent to macros:

   	argument/switch:value/switch=value/switch

.verbose
Specialized internal macros have been formed that expand to the	 arguments.
These internal macros are

   	%nn%	    - Expands	to argument number nn without any of  its
		      switches.
	%nn/x/y/z%  - Expands argument	nn with	the x,	y, or z	switches and
		      the value	of the chosen switch(es), if present.
	%nn/+%	     - Expands to argument nn PLUS all its switches.
	%nn/*%	     - Expands to only the switches of argument	nn.
	%=nn/x%	    - Expands to the value of the x switch.
	%?nn/x%     - Expands to only the x switch, if	present.
	%!nn%	    - Expands to all arguments, switches, and switch values
		      beginning	with argument nn to the	end of the line.
.pause
Example:

   	TEST filename.ext/T=NEW/Y nextarg/Z/A/P

	%0%	= TEST
	%1/T%	= FILENAME.TXT/T=NEW
	%1/+%	= filename.ext/T=NEW/Y
	%2/*%	= /Z/A/P
	%=1/T%	= NEW
	%?2/P%	= /P
	%!1%	= FILENAME.EXT/T=NEW/Y	NEXTARG/Z/A/P

.end
.item io_redirection 0
			      I/O Redirection

Redirection  of	input allows you to take the contents of a file	and use	 it
as  input  to  any program that	normally expects input from  the  terminal.
Similarly,  output  redirection	 takes	output that normally  goes  to	the
terminal and directs it	to a file instead,  allowing you,  for example,	 to
see the	output at a later date.
.verbose

So that	you can	monitor	what is	going on,  CLIP	enables	you to specify that
output	from a program can also	go to the terminal and the redirected  file
at the same time.

.pause

Redirection switches:

   	/>file		Redirects  output  to	file.  Deletes	file  before
			starting redirection.
	/>>file		Redirects output to file.   Doesn't delete file but
			rather appends to end of file.
	/>&file 	Same  as /> but also shows redirected output  on
			the terminal.
	/>>&file	Same as />> but also shows redirected output  on
			the terminal.
	/<file		Redirects input from file.
	/<&file 	Same  as /< but also shows redirected	input  on
			terminal.
	/>-file		Redirect printer output to a file.
	/>>-file	Append printer output to a file.

.pause

When  redirection is performed by a command in a macro it remains in effect
until  another	redirection  command changes it	or  the	 macro	terminates.
Therefore, if the following TYPE command were in a macro

	DIR/>dir.lst; TYPE myfile

it  would  send	 its output to dir.lst until the macro	terminates  or	the
following were typed in	to cancel the redirection command

	DIR/>dir.lst; TYPE/> myfile

The /> has the effect of turning output	redirection off.

.pause

Examples:

	A) PROGNAM/<IFILE/>OFILE

PROGNAM	 is the	name of	a program (or a	macro) in which	I/O redirection	 is
performed.   The  <  switch  pointing INto the program signals	that  input
should	come from IFILE,  while	the > switch pointing OUT from the  program
name indicates terminal	output will go to OFILE.

The  addition  of  an  ampersand (&) at	 the  beginning	 of  the  filenames
instructs CLIP to show terminal	input and output to the	user as	it  appears
while using the	redirected files for I/O:

	A) PROGNAM/<&IFILE/>&OFILE

Both switches may be used independently	as needed.

.end
.item pipes 0
				   Pipes

PIPES  are an extension	of I/O redirection where not only is the input	and
output	redirected but where the output	from one program becomes the  input
of another.
.verbose
 
For example:

	PROG1 | PROG2 | PROG3

is equivalent to the command:

	PROG1/>pipeout.pyp; PROG2/<pipeout.pyp/>pipein.pyp; PROG3/<pipein.pyp

Pipes may be used freely with macros so	that

	DIR/W:1 *.* | SRT | READ/N/P/1	| WRITE	%S/1%

is a valid construct.

.end
.item description 1

		    Description	of Conditional Commands

Execution of CLIP commands may be conditional so that you may vary the	way
your macros behave dynamically without having to write a new macro for each
condition.
.verbose

The CLIP commands IF string1 relop string2 THEN, ELSE, ELSEIF string1 relop
string2	THEN, and ENDIF	are designed to	facilitate conditional execution of
commands.   String1  and  string2 are character	strings	or internal  macros
that  expand  to character strings.   Relop is a relation  operation  which
performs the following tests

   	=	Are strings EQUAL?
   	<>	Are strings NOT EQUAL?
   	<	Is string1 LESS THAN string2?
   	<=	Is string1 LESS THAN OR EQUAL to string2?
   	>	Is string1 GREATER THAN string2?
   	>=	Is string1 GREATER THAN OR EQUAL to string2?

.pause

Example:

	IF Adam < Zany	THEN
	   WRITE Adam is sure not Zany.
	ELSE
	   WRITE Who knows if Adam is sane?
	ENDIF

This  conditional  will	 cause the message "Adam is sure not Zany."  to	 be
displayed since	the string Adam	is less	than the string	Zany.

.pause

The  following	contrived  macro reveals the power  of	CLIP's	conditional
execution capability; the macro	will count from	0 to 25	and then stop:

	IF %FIRST% = TRUE THEN	 -- this is the	first time the macro is	called
	   calc/0 0  -- set variable 0	to 0 and display it
	   NEXT 1 -- reexecute	macro
	ELSEIF	%V/0% =	25 THEN	-- have	reached	last number
	   BREAK  -- exit out of macro
	ELSE  -- the macro is looping
	   calc/0 0 1 +  -- add 1 to variable 0 and display result
	   NEXT 1  -- reexecute macro
	ENDIF

.end
.item if 1
IF ... THEN - Execute commands conditionally

Format:	IF{switches} string1 relop string2 {THEN}

Switches
   />,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

A description of all conditional commands follows.
.pause

.goto description
.end
.item else 1
ELSE - Execute the other condition of an IF ...	THEN

Format:	ELSE{switches}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

A description of all conditional commands follows.
.pause

.goto description
.end
.item elseif 1
ELSEIF ... THEN	- Check	another	IF condition if	previous IF was	unsuccessful

Format:	ELSEIF{switches} string1 relop	string2	{THEN}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

A description of all conditional commands follows.
.pause

.goto description
.end
.item endif 1
ENDIF -	Terminate an IF	expression

Format:	ENDIF{switches}

Switches
/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see	the IO_REDIRECTION help	topic
.verbose

A description of all conditional commands follows.
.pause

.goto description
.end
.item break 2
BREAK -	Break (exit) out of a macro.

Format:	BREAK{switches}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
BREAK stops execution of a macro,  pops	all levels of IF nesting, and exits
to the CLIP command level.

Why use	it?
Use  BREAK to exit from	a macro	regardless of the level	of macro nesting or
IF nesting.

.pause

Examples (in a macro):

	IF "%S/1%" = "END" THEN
	   BREAK
	ELSE
	   NEXT 1
	ENDIF
causes the macro to stop executing if string 1 is END; otherwise, the macro
loops on itself.

	WRITE line 1
	BREAK
	WRITE line 2
displays "line 1" and finishes execution of the	macro; "line 2"	will not be
displayed.

.end
.item bye 2
BYE - Exit CLIP	and return to CCP

Format:	BYE{switches}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
BYE  causes CLIP to swap itself	out to disk and	return control back to	the
console	 command processor (CCP).   When CLIP is later reinvoked its  state
(e.g., values of string) will be as it was before BYE was issued.

Why use	it?
Use  BYE  to return control to the console command processor  in  order	 to
execute	programs without CLIP.

.pause

Examples:

	A) BYE
returns	control	to the CCP

	A) BYE; stat
returns	 control to the	CCP;  but when CLIP is reinvoked,  it will run	the
stat program automatically.

.end
.item calc 2
CALC - Perform mathematical calculations

Format:	CALC{switches}	RPN-expression

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/n	Place result in numeric variable n (n ranges from 0 to	9).
	/N 	Perform  calculation but don't	display	results	on  standard
		output.
.verbose

What it	does
CALC  is a reverse polish notation (RPN) calculator that performs the  math
operations: +, -, *, /,	# (modulus), ' (complement), & (and), !	(or), and X
(exclusive or) on unsigned 16 bit numbers in any base (see RADIX); displays
the results to standard	output;	and optionally assigns the result to any of
the 10 built-in	 register variables.

Why use	it?
Use  CALC as a calculator or in	conjunction with the RADIX command and	the
%V% internal macro to form iteration counters and radix	converters.

.pause

Examples:

	A) CALC 45 30 - 2 *
	30
subtracts  30 from 45,	multiplies the result by 2,  and displays the final
result to the terminal.

	A) CALC/0/1/N 4 100 25	/ *
divides	 100  by 25,  multiplies by 4,	and stores the	result	in  numeric
variables 0 and	1 but does not display it.

.end
.item chain 2
CHAIN -	Execute	a macro	file at	the current level

Format:	CHAIN{switches} macro-name

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
CHAIN  exits the current macro and starts executing the	macro specified	 by
macro-name but does not	push a level of	macro nesting.	This has the effect
of never returning to the macro	that did the CHAIN.

Why use	it?
Use  CHAIN  to	pass  control to another macro	without	 returning  to	the
"calling" macro.

Examples (in a macro):

	CHAIN nextmac
chains to macro	nextmac.

	CHAIN/<newinp nextmac
chains to macro	nextmac	with redirected	input from newinp.

.end
.item close 2
CLOSE -	Close a	previously open	file

Format:	CLOSE{switches}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/f	Close open file number	f (f ranges from 1 to 3).
.verbose

What it	does
CLOSE closes a file that has been previously opened by an OPEN command.

Why use	it?
Use  CLOSE  to	close an open file so that its file number can be  used	 by
another	OPEN.	Remember CLIP allows a maximum of 3 files to be	open at	one
time.

.pause

Examples:

	A) CLOSE/3
closes file number 3 if	it is open.

	A) CLOSE/2/3
closes both files 2 and	3 if they are open.

.end
.item copy 2
COPY - Copy files

Format:	COPY{switches}	destination{/U:u} source{/U:u}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/U:u	File resides in user number u (u ranges from 0	to 31).
.verbose

What it	does
COPY  copies files from	source to destination between any two disks  and/or
user numbers; source and destination are file names in the form	d:file.ext.

Why use	it?
Use  COPY to transfer files from other disks and/or user numbers into  your
current	disk or	user number making the files more accessible to	you.

.pause

Examples:

	A) COPY text1.src b:alltext.bak/U:4
copies	the file alltext.bak from disk B user 4	onto the current  disk	and
user number with the new file name text.src.

	A) COPY c:pip.com/U:1 b:pip.com/U:0
copies the file	pip.com	from disk B user 0 onto	file pip.com disk C user 1.

.end
.item date 2
DATE - Display or set the current date

Format:	DATE{switches}	{MM DD YY}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
If MM DD YY is present,	 DATE sets the current date to month MM, day DD	and
year  YY;  otherwise,  DATE displays the current date in the form DD-Mmm-YY
where DD is the	day, Mmm is a character	representation of the month, and YY
is the year.

Why use	it?
Use DATE in conjunction	with the %DATE%	internal macro to timestamp events.

.pause

Examples:

	A) DATE
	22-Mar-83
displays the current date.

	A) DATE 3 27 83; DATE
	27-Mar-83
sets the date and displays it.

.end
.item del 2
DEL - Delete one or more files from disk

Format:	DEL{switches} file-template ...

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/N	No  warnings.	 Don't	give a warning if the file does	 not
		exist.
.verbose

What it	does
DEL deletes a file or a	list of	files from the current disk.  The filenames
may contain wildcard characters	such as	? or *.

Why use	it?
Use  DEL  to  remove  unwanted files from disk so that disk  space  may	 be
conserved.

.pause

Examples:

	A) DEL	game1.bas game2.bas game33.bas
deletes	the files game1.bas game2.bas and game33.bas

	A) DEL/N *.bak	frq*.com
deletes	 all  files  that match	the templates *.bak  and  frq*.com  on	the
current	disk but does not issue	any warnings if	the files cannot be found.

.end
.item dir 2
DIR - Produce a	listing	of the directory

Format:	DIR{switches} file-template ...

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/W:w	Change	the width of the DIR command output so that w  files
		per line are displayed.	 The default width is 5.
	/S	Display  system files only.   Normally	system files are not
		displayed.
.verbose

What it	does
DIR  produces a	list of	all the	files that match a list	of  file-templates.
DIR  also  optionally formats the display so that the number of	 files	per
line may be changed.

Why use	it?
Use DIR	to see a complete list of files	on your	disk or	a partial directory
of files that you have selected.

.pause

Examples:

	A) DIR
produces a listing of all the files on the currently logged on disk.

	A) DIR/>&flist/W:1 *.PAS
produces  a  listing of	all the	*.PAS files on the terminal and	 into  file
flist with one filename	per line.

.end
.item disk 2
DISK - Change or display the current disk

Format:	DISK{switches}	new-disk

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
DISK  allows you to change your	currently logged on disk to  new-disk.	 If
new-disk is not	present, DISK displays the currently logged on disk.

Why use	it?
Use DISK to change your	currently logged on disk so that files on the newly
logged on disk are more	accessible.

.pause

Examples:

	A) DISK
	A:
displays A: which is the currently logged on disk.

	C) DISK A
	A)
changes	the currently logged on	disk drive from	C to A.

.end
.item exec 2
EXEC - Execute a .COM file

Format:	EXEC{switches}	filename

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/S:r	Save r	records	of memory into file MEMORY.SAV after program
		finishes execution.
.verbose

What it	does
EXEC  searches for a file called filename.COM and attempts to  execute	it.
This command is	identical to typing filename.

Why use	it?
Use  EXEC  when	there exists both a .CLI file and a .COM and  you  wish	 to
execute	 only  the  .COM  file.	  Normally CLIP	finds the  .CLI	 first	and
executes it.

.pause

Examples:

	A) EXEC stat
executes the stat program.  This is identical to typing
	A) stat
provided that the file STAT.CLI	does not exist.

	A) EXEC/>out/<in JANUS
executes a program JANUS.COM and redirects its input and output.

	A) EXEC/S:12 DDT exty
executes DDT.  When DDT	finishes 12 records are	saved into file	MEMORY.SAV.

.end
.item getword 2
GETWORD	- Get a	word from a string

Format:	GETWORD{switches} string

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/n	Put the extracted word	in string n.
	/W:w	Extract  word	number w.   Word 0 is the  GETWORD  command.
		Word 1 is the first word in the	string.
	/U	Convert the word to upper case	before storing in string.
.verbose

What it	does
GETWORD	 extracts  a word from a string	and then places	that  word  into  a
string variable.

Why use	it?
Use  GETWORD to	extract	fields of data from a string that may then be  used
for further processing.

.pause

Examples:

	A) GETWORD/3/W:4 The phone is off the hook
extracts the word "off"	from the above string and stores it in string 3.

	A) GETWORD/1/U	%s/1%
extracts the first word	in string 1 and	stores it back into string 1.

.end
.item help 2
HELP - Display help on topics or commands

Format:	HELP{switches}	help-item

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose
What it	does
HELP attempts to find help-item	in the CLIPHELP.OVL file and then  displays
information about help-item on the terminal.

Why use	it?
Use HELP to familiarize	yourself with CLIP's many commands.

.pause

Examples:

	A) HELP
displays a list	of items on which help is available.

	A) HELP/>dir.hlp DIR
creates	a file called dir.hlp which contains text from the DIR help topic.

.end
.item initial 2
INITIAL	- Define a command to be executed at initialization

Format:	INITIAL{switches} command

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
INITIAL	 allows	 you  to set up	a command that will be executed	 when  CLIP
comes up for the first time.
Note:  In  order  for this command to "take effect" use	any  command  which
causes CLIP to swap  itself out	(e.g., BYE).

Why use	it?
Use  INITIAL  to  perform a certain CLIP command or  to	 run  a	 particular
program	when CLIP first	comes up.

.pause

Examples:

	A) INITIAL start
executes the macro file	start.cli when CLIP is first invoked.

	A) INITIAL PROMPT/D/U Albert!
sets  CLIP's initial command to	be PROMPT/D/U Albert!  This is a common	way
to  insure that	the prompt will	automatically be set when you first  invoke
CLIP.

.end
.item macro 2
MACRO -	Execute	a macro	file explicitly

Format:	MACRO{switches} filename

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
MACRO  executes	 filename.CLI as a macro file.	This command has  the  same
effect as typing filename.

Why use	it?
Use MACRO to  explicitly execute a macro file.	In particular, use MACRO to
execute	 a macro file whose name is the	same as	a CLIP command.

.pause

Examples:

	A) MACRO quickly
executes the macro quickly.cli.

	A) MACRO/>&del.prn del
executes the macro del.CLI and redirects output	to del.prn.

.end
.item mask 2
MASK - Set up a	filename template for %DIR%

Format:	MASK{switches}	file-template

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
MASK sets up a filename	template so that calls to the internal macro  %DIR%
return filenames that match the	template.

Why use	it?
Use  MASK  with	 %DIR% to perform operations on	files that  match  a  given
template.

.pause

Examples:

	A) MASK *.BAK;write %DIR% %DIR% %DIR%
displays the first three *.BAK files from disk A.

	A) MASK largedb.dat
	A) IF "%DIR%" <> "" THEN
	A)    WRITE largedb.dat is there
	A) ELSE
	A)    WRITE largedb.dat is not	there
	A) ENDIF
checks	to see if file largedb.dat exists and then displays (writes) if	 it
does on	the terminal.

.end
.item next 2
NEXT - Reexecute the current macro

Format:	NEXT{switches}	{level}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
NEXT  causes  the  current macro it is in to be	 reexcuted  and	 optionally
ENDIF  a  specific number of pending IFs.   Level is  an  optional  integer
ranging	from 0 to 64.  If level	is not present,	the value 0 is assumed.


Why use	it?
Use  NEXT to cause a macro to loop on itself.	Or use NEXT in	conjunction
with BREAK to repeatedly execute a macro until a condition is met.  Use	the
optional level argument	when NEXT occurs inside	an IF.

.pause

Examples (in a macro):

	WRITE Over and	over again!
	NEXT
repeatedly writes out "Over and	over again!"

	IF %V/1:2% = 04 THEN
	   NEXT 1
	ENDIF
repeats	 the  macro if variable	1 is equal to 04.   The	level is set  to  1
since NEXT would leave the IF pending if it were not.

.end
.item null 2
NULL - Don't execute anything

Format:	NULL{switches}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
Except for executing its switches, NULL	performs no action.

Why use	it?
Use  NULL as a convenient NOP instruction to change redirected output in  a
macro.

Example	(in a macro):

	DIR/>dir.lst *.*;NULL/>
NULL is	used to	redirect output	back to	the console.

.end
.item open 2
OPEN - Open a disk file

Format:	OPEN{switches}	filename

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/f	Open file number f (f ranges from 1 to	3).
	/I	Open file for input.
	/O	Open file for output.
.verbose

What it	does
OPEN  opens file filename for input or output so that invocations of  %GET%
and PUT	can do file I/O.

Why use	it?
Use  OPEN to open a file and to	either read or write lines or characters to
it.

.pause

Examples:

	A) OPEN/1/I dump.lst
opens file dump.lst for	input and assigns it file number 1.

	A) OPEN/3/O dart.dmp
opens file dart.dmp for	output and assigns it file number 3.

.end
.item pause 2
PAUSE -	Pause CLIP for a specified amount of time

Format:	PAUSE{switches} time-value

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
PAUSE causes CLIP to delay for a time-value (in	tenth's	of  seconds).	The
time-value must	range from 0 to	65535 (0 to 6553.5 seconds).

Why use	it?
Use PAUSE to delay CLIP	for a period of	time so	that messages may remain
on the screen longer or	programs and macros may	be time-sequenced properly.

Example:

	A) WRITE Error	encountered in program;	PAUSE 50
displays an error message on the screen	for 5 seconds.

.end
.item poke 2
POKE - Change a memory byte to a value

Format: POKE address value

	A) POKE 80 2A

Changes memory location 80H to 2AH (both numbers are always in hex).
.end
.item pop 2
POP - Pop a previously PUSHed image of CLIP back

Format:	POP{switches}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
POP restores CLIP to the state it was in just before it	was swapped out.

Why use	it?
Use  POP  to restore CLIP's state (e.g.,  string variables) to what it	was
previous to a PUSH or program execution.

Example:

	A) STRING/1 good string; PUSH;	STRING/1 bad string; POP
POP restores string 1 to "good string".

.end
.item prompt 2
PROMPT - Change	CLIP's standard	prompt

Format:	PROMPT{switches} new-prompt

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/D	Display the current logged on disk before the prompt.
	/U	Display the current user number before	the prompt.
.verbose

What it	does
PROMPT	allows you to change CLIP's prompt to new-prompt and to	 optionally
display	the current disk and user number.

Why use	it?
Use PROMPT to personalize CLIP's prompt.

.pause

Examples:

	A) PROMPT Enter command-
	Enter command-
Changes	CLIP's prompt to "Enter	command- "

	Enter command-	PROMPT/D/U -Ready:
	A0-Ready:
Changes	CLIP's prompt to display the current disk, the user number, and	the
string "-Ready:	"

.end
.item push 2
PUSH - Push a copy of CLIP's current status to disk

Format:	PUSH{switches}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
PUSH  writes  a	current	copy of	CLIP's status (e.g.,  string variables)	 to
disk.	CLIP  performs	an implicit PUSH when it executes a program  or	 is
exited via the BYE command.

Why use	it?
Use  PUSH to save CLIP's status	so that	later on it can	be restored with  a
POP command.

.pause

Example:

	A) PUSH; STRING/4 Garbage; POP
PUSHes CLIP's state,  sets string 4 to "Garbage",  and then restores CLIP's
state (which also restores string 4's previous value).

.end
.item put 2
PUT - Write text to a file OPENed for output

Format:	PUT{switches} text/character

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/C	Write out only	one character.
	/P 	Pause	at  the	end of the line	 (i.e.,	 don't	generate  a
		newline at the	end of line).
.verbose

What it	does
PUT writes one character or line of text to a file that	has been opened	for
output with the	OPEN command.

Why use	it?
Use  PUT as a convenient and fast way of writing data to a file	 from  CLIP
command	level or a macro.

.pause
	
Examples:

	A) PUT/1 line 1; PUT/1	line 2
writes two lines to file number	1.

	A) PUT/2/C %S%
writes the first character from	string variable	1 to file number 2.

	A) PUT/3/P and	you may	assume that ;PUT/3/P this is on	one line
writes "and you	may assume that	this is	on one line" to	file number 3.

.end
.item radix 2
RADIX -	Change or display the input and	output radix for numerics

Format:	RADIX{switches} {new-radix}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
RADIX  changes	the input and output radix to new-radix	where new-radix	 is
always a decimal number	from 2 to 16.	If new-radix is	not given, then	the
current	radix is displayed.

Why use	it?
Use RADIX to convert numbers from one radix to another.

.pause

Examples:

	A) RADIX 8
changes	 the  radix to octal so	that further input and	output	of  numeric
variables is in	octal.

	A) RADIX 10; CALC/1/N 125; RADIX 16; WRITE %V/1%
	7D
Writes the hexadecimal equivalent of the decimal 125.

.end
.item read 2
READ - Display prompt and read text into string

Format:	READ{switches}	{prompt}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/n	Read text into	string n.
	/D	Display text in string	n so that it may be edited.
	/N	No newline after carriage return is entered.
	/P	Pause	at  the	end of the prompt (i.e prompt user  on	same
		line).
.verbose

What it	does
READ  displays a prompt	text onto the standard output,	reads text from	the
standard input,	and stores the input text into a string	variable.

Why use	it?
Use  READ to prompt someone for	input and then to store	that input  into  a
string for later processing.

.pause

Examples:

	A) READ/1 Enter your name:; WRITE Hi there %S/1%
	Enter your name:
	Samantha
	Hi there Samantha
prompts	for a string and then displays it.

	A) STRING/1 NO!
	A) READ/D/1/P Do you want to start over?
	Do you	want to	start over? NO!
prompts	with "Do you want to start over?  NO!".	  You can change (edit)	the
NO! or just type a RETURN to store "NO!" in string 1.

	A) READ/2/P/U File to delete?
	File to delete? bond.007
prompts	and reads BOND.007 into	string variable	2.

.end
.item ren 2
REN - Rename a disk file

Format:	REN{switches} new-filename old-filename

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
REN  changes the name of the existing file old-filename	to new-filename	 as
long as	new-filename does not exit.

Why use	it?
Use REN	to rename an existing file so that the name is more appropriate.

.pause

Examples:

	A) REN	mario.sav mario.bak
changes	the name of the	file mario.bak to mario.sav.

	A) REN	b:stereo b:radio
changes	the name of the	file radio on disk B to	stereo.

.end
.item return 2
RETURN - Return	from a macro

Format:	RETURN{switches} {level}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
RETURN	returns	 from a	macro and optionally ENDIFs a specified	 number	 of
IFs.   Level is	an optional integer ranging from 0 to 64.   If level is	not
present, the value 0 is	assumed.

Why use	it?
Use RETURN to return from a macro at any point in the macro execution.	Use
the optional level argument when RETURN	occurs inside an IF.

.pause

Examples:  (in a macro)

	IF "%S/1%" = "END" THEN
	   RETURN 1
	ELSE
	   NEXT 1
	ENDIF

causes the macro to stop executing if string 1 is END; otherwise, the macro
loops on itself.

	WRITE line 1
	RETURN
	WRITE line 2

displays "line 1",  finishes execution of the macro, and therefore "line 2"
is not displayed.

.end
.item search 2
SEARCH - Turn automatic	searchlisting ON or OFF

Format:	SEARCH{switches} ON/OFF

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
If the argument	to SEARCH is ON, then all file opens will attempt to follow
the automatic searchlist (currently disk A user	0).
If  the	 argument to SEARCH is OFF then	all file opens will occur  as  they
always do.

Why use	it?
SEARCH	may  be	 used to turn automatic	searchlisting ON or  OFF  to  allow
programs  and  data  files to be stored	in a common place and  be  accessed
without	regard to disk and/or user number.

.pause

Example:

	A) SEARCH OFF;	EXEC dbinvert; SEARCH ON
Turns	searchlisting	off,   runs  program  dbinvert,	  and  then   turns
searchlisting on.

.end
.item set 2
SET - Set the attributes for a list of files
Format:	SET{switches} filename	...

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/S	Set the system	attribute for a	file.
	/R	Set the read/only attribute for a file.
.verbose

What it	does
SET changes the	system and read/only attributes	for a list of files.  Set
with no	switches removes both the system and read/only attributes.

Why use	it?
Use SET	to make	certain	files read only	or to designate	them as	system
files.	System files are not normally displayed	with DIR and read/only
files cannot be	written	to or deleted.

.pause

Examples:

	A) SET/R secret.txt
sets the attributes of file secret.txt so that it may only be read.

	A) SET/S/R reboot.com
sets the attributes of file reboot.com so that it does not display on a	DIR
list and cannot	be written to or deleted.

	A) SET	retry.pas
removes	the system and read/only attributes of file retry.pas.

.end
.item size 2
SIZE - Display size of a list of files

Format:	SIZE{switches}	filename...

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
SIZE displays the size,	in 128-byte records, of	a list of files.

Why use	it?
Use SIZE to determine how much space a file occupies.

.pause

Examples:

	A) SIZE main.pas main.com
	MAIN.PAS	145
	MAIN.COM	89
displays the size of files main.pas and	main.com.

	A) SIZE main.pas| READ/1/P/N;	-- get	size of	file in	string 1
	A) GETWORD/2/W:2 %S/1%; CALC/1/N %S/2%	128 *;	-- convert to byte size
	A) WRITE %S/1%	records	%V/1% bytes;  -- display record	and byte size
	MAIN.PAS     145 records 18560	bytes
displays the size of file main.pas in both records and bytes.

.end
.item string 2
STRING - Store text in a string	variable

Format:	STRING{switches} text

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/n	Store text in string n	where n	ranges from 0 to 9.
	/F	Find text in string n.	 Return	position of found text in
		numeric	variable 0.  Variable 0	is 0 when no match.
	/U	Convert string	to upper case before storing in	string n.
	/S:j	Start extracting characters from string position j.
	/E:k	End extracting	characters at string position k.
.verbose

What it	does
STRING stores text in any CLIP internal	string and optionally performs
simple string manipulations.

Why use	it?
Use STRING to manipulate text.

.pause

Examples:

	A) STRING/3 Don't touch my car!
puts the string	"Don't touch my	car!" in string	3.

	A) STRING/3/U Don't touch my car!
capitalizes the	string and then	puts "DON'T TOUCH MY CAR!" in string 3.

	A) STRING/3/S:7 Don't touch my	car!
puts the string	"touch my car!"	in string 3.

	A) STRING/5/3/S:7/E:11/U Don't	touch my car!
puts the string	"TOUCH"	in strings 3 and 5.

.end
.item time 2
TIME - Set or display time

Format:	TIME{switches}	{HH MM SS}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
TIME  without any arguments displays the current time in the form HH:MM:SS,
where  HH  is hours,  MM is minutes,  and SS is	 seconds.   TIME  with	the
arguments HH MM	SS sets	the time.

Why use	it?
Use TIME to determine the current time or the execution	time of	a program.

.pause

Examples:

	A) TIME
	16:46:31
displays the current time (4:46:31 p.m.).

	A) TIME 00 00 00; EXEC	sort address; TIME
	00:02:18
sets  the time to 0,  executes a program, and then displays the	elapsed	time
(2 min.	18 sec.)

.end
.item trace 2
TRACE -	Enable or disable tracing of CLIP commands

Format:	TRACE{switches}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/I	Input:	 show lines that CLIP inputs.
	/E	Expand:  show lines after internal macro expansion.
.verbose

What it	does
TRACE  enables or disables two types of	tracing	of  CLIP  commands.   Trace
without	 /I or /E turns	all tracing off.

Why use	it?
Use  TRACE  as a debugging aid to "see"	macro  executions  and/or  internal
macro expansions.

.pause

Examples:

	A) TRACE/I
	/I-A) WRITE Let there be light.
	Let there be light.
traces the input "WRITE	Let there be light." by	displaying it.

	A) TRACE/I/E
	/I-A) WRITE We	must be	on disk	%DISK%
	/E-A) WRITE We	must be	on disk	A
	We must be on disk A
enables	 input and execution tracing by	displaying the command after  input
and before execution.

.end
.item type 2
TYPE - Display file(s) on standard output

Format:	TYPE{switches}	file-template ...

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/V	Verbose  output;  display  the	 file  with  a	header	that
		contains the file's name.
.verbose

What it	does
TYPE  takes  a	list of	file templates and displays them  on  the  standard
output with an optional	banner.

Why use	it?
Use TYPE  to view the contents of files.

.pause

Examples:

	A) TYPE mwrite.pas
displays the file mwrite.pas on	the terminal.

	A) TYPE/V/>output.prn *.pas c*.doc
copies	all  *.pas files and all c*.doc	files onto file	output.prn  with  a
banner between each file.

.end
.item uc 2
UC - Turn case conversion of command line ON or	OFF

Format:	UC{switches} ON/OFF

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
UC  ON converts	the command line to upper case when programs or	CLIP macros
attempt	to reference it.
UC  OFF	leaves the command line	as is when programs or CLIP macros  attempt
to reference it.

Why use	it?
Use  UC	 ON to convert the command line	arguments to your program  or  CLIP
macro to upper case regardless of what case you	have typed them	in.
Use  UC	 OFF to	leave the command line unchanged so that programs  or  CLIP
macros	see it as it was typed in.   This is the preferred way	of  running
CLIP  since many programs are case sensitive and therefore work	better when
you have full control over the case.

.pause

Example:

	A) UC ON; EXEC	prefix FilE
converts  FilE	to  FILE when program prefix attempts to read  the  command
line.

	A) UC OFF; exec findpat MacIntosh
leaves the command line	untouched so that when program findpat attempts	 to
read it, it finds the string "MacIntosh" in both upper and lower case.

.end
.item uedt 2
UEDT - Universal EDiTor

Format:	UEDT{switches}	filename

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/M	Reenter UEDT and use the file in memory for editing.
.verbose

What it	does
UEDT  transfers	a file into memory and thereby allows you to edit the  file
using line editing commands.  If filename is not found,	it is created.	Use
UEDT's INFORM command for more information on how to use UEDT.

Why use	it?
Use UEDT as a quick way	to create or edit small	files.

.pause

Example:

	A) UEDT newone.cli
	1:@	WRITE Testing
	2:@	<ESC>
	*DONE
invokes	UEDT with file newone.cli.  Since newone.cli does not already exist,
UEDT  creates  it  and then automatically  goes	 into  insert  mode.   UEDT
afterwards accepts the input text and goes into	command	mode when an  <ESC>
(escape) is typed.   The command DONE writes the file out to disk and  then
exits UEDT.

.end
.item user 2
USER - Display or change the current user number

Format:	USER{switches}	user-number

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
USER  changes  the user	number to user-number if user-number is	 specified
or displays the	current	user number if user-number is not  specified.  User-
number must range from 0 to 31.

Why use	it?
Use USER to display or change your current user	number.

Example:

	A) USER 15; USER
	15
changes	the current user number	to 15 and then displays	it.

.end
.item write 2
WRITE -	Display	text on	the standard output

Format:	WRITE{switches} text

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
	/P	Pause at end of line (i.e., don't generate a newline).
.verbose

What it	does
WRITE  displays	a line of text on the standard output  and  optionally
pauses at the end of the line.

Why use	it?
Use WRITE to display messages from a macro.

.pause

Examples:

	A) WRITE Once a cat always a cat.
	Once a	cat always a cat.

	A) WRITE/P Once a cat;	WRITE/P	always a; WRITE	cat
	Once a	cat always a cat.

	A) WRITE/P/>term.lin A	full duplex modem
writes the string "A full duplex modem"	to file	term.lin.

.end
.item -ascii 3
%ASCII%	- Convert a hex	number into ASCII

Format:	%ASCII	n%
.verbose

What it	does
%ASCII%	expands	to the ASCII equivalent	of the hexadecimal number nn.

Why use	it?
Use %ASCII% to generate	ASCII characters that cannot be	typed in directly.

Examples:

	A) WRITE %ASCII 7%
Ring the terminal bell.

	A) WRITE The stock has	risen 34.4%ASCII 25%
Writes "The stock has risen 34.4%".

.end
.item -comlin 3
%COMLIN% - Expands to the command line tail (See the manual for examples).
.end
.item -date 3
%DATE% - Expand	to the current date

Format:	%DATE%

What it	does
%DATE% expands to the current date in the form DD-Mmm-YY, where	DD is day,
Mmm is month, and YY is	year.

Why use	it?
Use %DATE% in commands or macros to implement date stamping.

Example:

	A) WRITE/>daily.log Computer was brought up on	%DATE%

.end
.item -dir 3
%DIR% -	Expand the the next MASKed file	name

Format:	%DIR%
.verbose

What it	does
%DIR% expands to the next file name based on the filename template given in
a MASK command.

Why use	it?
See the	following explanation on MASK:
.pause

.goto mask
.end
.item -disk 3
%DISK% - Expand	to the current disk

Format:	%DISK%

What it	does
%DISK% expands to a string that	is the disk letter of the currently  logged
in disk.

Why use	it?
Use %DISK% in your macros instead of hardcoding	in a disk letter.

Examples:

	A) TYPE %DISK%:local.txt
Types the file local.txt from the current disk.
 
	IF %DISK% <> A	THEN
	   DISK A
	ENDIF
Changes	the current disk to disk A if the current disk is not A.

.end
.item -file 3
%FILE% - Expand	to the first line of a file

Format:	%FILE filename%
.verbose

What it	does
%FILE% expands to the first line of text contained in filename.

Why use	it?
Use %FILE% as a	quick way of using the contents	of a file in in	commands or
macros.

Example:

	A) TYPE/V %FILE allpas%
If  the	first line in file allpas is "main.pas loc.pas endit.pas" then	the
above command is equivalent to typing:

	A) TYPE/V main.pas loc.pas endit.pas

.end
.item -first 3
%FIRST%	- Determine if this is the first time a	macro is executed

Format:	%FIRST%
.verbose

What it	does
%FIRST%	 expands to the	string TRUE if the macro it is in has been  invoked
for the	first time;  otherwise,	it expands to FALSE.  %FIRST% becomes FALSE
once a macro loops.

Why use	it?
Use %FIRST% to determine if a macro has	just been invoked so that variables
may be initialized.

Example	(in a macro):

	IF %FIRST% = TRUE THEN;  -- first time	macro is invoked
	   STRING/1;  -- clear	string 1
	ENDIF

.end
.item -get 3
%GET% -	Expand to a line or character from a file

Format:	%GET{switches}%

Switches
	/n	Read from file	number n.
	/C	Read a	character at a time.
.verbose

What it	does
%GET%  expands	a line of text or just a character from	a file	opened	for
input with the OPEN command.

Why use	it?
Use %GET% to read characters or	text from a file.

.pause

Example:

	A) DIR/W:1/>dir.lst *.*
	A) OPEN/I/1 dir.lst
	A) WRITE %GET/1% %GET/1% %GET/1/C% %GET/1/C%

Displays the first three lines of file dir.lst and the first two characters
of the third line of dir.lst.

.end
.item -iflev 3
%IFLEV%	- Expand to the	current	IF level

Format:	%IFLEV%
.verbose

What it	does
%IFLEV%	 expands to a numeric string that corresponds to the current  level
of IF nesting.

Why use	it?
Use  %IFLEV% when you want to exit from	all pending IF statements  and	you
don't know what	level you are at.

Example	(in a macro):

	IF %S/1% = ABORT THEN
	   RETURN %IFLEV%
	ENDIF

.end
.item -length 3
%LENGTH% - Determine the length	of a string

Format:	%LENGTH{switches}%

Switches
	/n	Expand	to the length of string	n.
.verbose

What it	does
%LENGTH% expands to the	numeric	string length of a string.

Why use	it?
Use %LENGTH% when you don't know the length of a string	but need it in some
numeric	calculation.

.pause

Example:

	-- 40 blanks
	STRING/1 %ASCII a0%					      ;
	STRING/2 This will be centered; -- text to center
	CALC/3/N 80 %LENGTH/2%	- 2 /; -- compute correct spaces for centering
	STRING/1/E:%V/3% %S/1%; -- generate correct spaces
	WRITE %S/1%%S/2%; -- write out	centered text
This  will  write  the text "This will be centered" in the  center  of	the
terminal screen	(assuming the terminal is 80 characters	wide).

.end
.item -level 3
%LEVEL%	- Expand to the	current	macro nesting level

Format:	%LEVEL%
.verbose

What it	does
%LEVEL%	 will  expand to a numeric string that corresponds to  the  current
level of macro nesting.

Why use	it?
Use  %LEVEL%  to determine how deep macro nesting is so	that you may  avert
calling	another	macro that would exceed	the macro nesting.

.pause

Example	(in a macro):

	IF %LEVEL% < 8	THEN
	   nextmac
	ELSE
	   chain nextmac
	ENDIF
Performs  macro	nextmac	either normally	and thus nesting the macro level or
by chaining to it which	will leave the macro nesting unchanged.

.end
.item -peek 3
%PEEK address% - Expands to a memory byte (address in hex).
.end
.item -radix 3
%RADIX%	- Expand to the	current	radix

Format:	%RADIX%
.verbose

What it	does
%RADIX%	returns	a numeric string that corresponds to the current radix.

Why use	it?
Use %RADIX% when you want to save the current radix before changing it.

Example:

	A) CALC/N/0 %RADIX%;  - save current radix
	A) RADIX 2;  -- change	current	radix to base 2
	A) CALC 101 1111 10000101 + +
	100011001
	A) RADIX %V/0%
saves the current radix	in variable 0,	sets the radix to two,	performs  a
calculation and	restores the radix to its previous value.

.end
.item -s 3
%S% - Expand to	a string

Format:	%S{switches}%

Switches
	/n	Expand	to string number n
.verbose

What it	does
%S% expands to the value of a string variable.

Why use	it?
Use %S%	when you need the value	of a string.

.pause

Examples:

	A) STRING/7 enter a value
	A) WRITE You may %S/7%:
	A) WRITE You will %S/7%!
This will write	out "You may enter a value:" and "You will enter a value!".

	A) READ/4/P What day is it today? ; --	ask for	a day
	A) STRING/4/U %S/4%;  -- make it all upper case
	A) IF "%S/4%" = "SUNDAY" THEN
	A)    WRITE I don't work on %S/4%!
	A) ELSE
	A)    WRITE Boy! I'm ready to go to work.
	A) ENDIF

.end
.item -status 3
%STATUS% - Expand to the status	of a file

Format:	%STATUS{switches}%

Switches
	/f	Get the status	of file	f.

.verbose

What it	does
%STATUS% expands a string which	represents the status of a file:

	CLOSED	- file is closed (not open).
	OPENI	- file is open for input.
	OPENO	- file is open for output.
	EOF	- end of file for input	file.

Why use	it?
Use  %STATUS% to determine what	the status of a	file may be so that you	can
perform	different tasks	accordingly.
.pause

Example	(in a macro):

	IF %STATUS/1% = CLOSED	THEN
	   OPEN/I/1 file
	ELSEIF	%STATUS/2% = CLOSED THEN
	   OPEN/I/2 file
	ELSEIF	%STATUS/3% = CLOSED THEN
	   OPEN/I/3 file
	ELSE
	   WRITE No free files	in macro %0%
	   BREAK
	ENDIF
This  macro attempts to	find a file number that	is not open so that it	can
use it for its OPEN.   If no free file numbers can be found the	macro exits
after printing an error	message.

.end
.item -time 3
%TIME% - Expand	to the current time

Format:	%TIME%
.verbose

What it	does
%TIME% expands to the current time in the form HH:MM:SS.

Why use	it?
Use %TIME% in macros or	commands to display the	current	time.

Example:

	A) WRITE The current time is %TIME%
	The current time is 11:27:18

.end
.item -user 3
%USER% - Expand	to the current user number

Format:	%USER%
.verbose

What it	does
%USER%	expands	to a numeric string that represents the	current	user number
that you are at.

Why use	it?
Use %USER% with	CALC or	STRING to save the current user	number so that	you
may get	it back	letter.

.pause

Example:

	A) STRING/9 %USER%
	A) USER 12
	A) COPY here.com there.com/U:%S/9%
	A) USER %S/9%

Saves the current user number in string	9;  sets the current user number to
12;  copies  the  file	there.com from the previous user number	to  a  file
called	here.com  in  the current user number;	and  then  returns  to	the
original user number.

.end
.item -v 3
%V% - Expand to	a numeric variable

Format:	%V{switches}%

Switches
	/n:m	the  value of integer variable	n forced to be length  m  by
		the addition of	leading	zeroes (m is optional).
.verbose

What it	does
%V% expands to the numeric string value	of a numeric variable.

Why use	it?
Use  %V%  when you need	the values of numeric variables	in calculations	 or
conditional testing.

.pause

Examples:

	A) RADIX 10;	-- set base to 10
	A) CALC/1 67;	-- set variable	1 to 67
	A) CALC/2 89;	-- set variable	2 to 89
	A) CALC/3 9000;  -- set variable 3 to 9000
	A) CALC/4 %V/1% %V/2% + %V/3% -;  -- compute 67+89-9000
	56692

	A) IF %V/5% = 34 THEN
	A)    EXEC PIP
	A) ELSE
	A)    EXEC COPY
	A) ENDIF
Executes the PIP program if variable 5 is 34 otherwise it executes the COPY
program.

.end
.item abort 4
ABORT -	Exit UEDT without making any changes to	file

Format:	ABORT
.verbose

What it	does
ABORT  exits  UEDT  and	 returns control to CLIP without  having  made	any
changes	to the file being edited.

Why use	it?
Use  ABORT  to exit UEDT when you have made severe errors such as  deleting
large  amount of data and you don't want those changes to wind up  in  your
file.

Example:

	*ABORT

.end
.item done 4
DONE - Exit UEDT and apply all changes to file

Format:	DONE
.verbose

What it	does
DONE  exits  UEDT  and applies the changes you have made to  your  file	 in
memory to the file on disk.   A	backup copy of the original file is  always
made and has an	extension of .BAK.

Why use	it?
Use DONE when you are through editing your file	and want to return to CLIP.

Example:

	*DONE
	A)

.end
.item find 4
FIND - Find a character	string in UEDT buffer

Format:	FIND string
.verbose

What it	does
FIND  locates  and  displays the line that contains  string.   FIND  starts
searching from the current position to the end of the file.   If string	 is
found  the  line it is on is displayed,	 if it is not found then  an  error
message	is printed but the current position is not changed.

Why use	it?
Use FIND to locate a string and	print the line it is on.

Example:

	*FIND uncle
	16:	so it was uncle Bert that found the large tomato patch!
Looks for "uncle" and displays the line	it was found on.

.end
.item inform 4
INFORM - Give information about	UEDT commands

Format:	INFORM	UEDT-command
.verbose

What it	does
INFORM	displays information about an UEDT or CLIP commands when you are in
UEDT.	If  UEDT-command  is not given,	 then a	list of	 all  the  commands
information is available for is	given.

Why use	it?
Use INFORM to familiarize yourself with	either UEDT's or CLIP's	commands.

Examples:

	*INFORM VIEW
Displays information about the view command.

	*INFORM
Displays all the UEDT commands that information	is available for.

.end
.item ins 4
INS - Begin inserting BEFORE a line number when	in UEDT

Format:	INS line-number
.verbose

What it	does
INS inserts text BEFORE	a given	line number when you are in UEDT.  If line-
number is not specified, INS will insert BEFORE	the current line.

Why use	it?
Use INS	to add text into your file.

Example:

	*INS 15
	Inserts lines before line number 15.

.end
.item mod 4
MOD - Modify a line number when	in UEDT

Format:	MOD line-number
.verbose

What it	does
MOD  puts UEDT into modify mode	on a given line	number.	  If line-number is
not given the current line is assumed.	 Line editing control character	may
then be	used to	change the contents of a line.	In addition to the standard
characters ^E will go to the previous line; ^X will go to the next line.

Why use	it?
Use  MOD if you	want to	make changes to	your text and don't want to  delete
and reenter lines.

Example:

	*MOD 103
Puts UEDT in modify mode on line 103.

.end
.item pos 4
POS - Set UEDT's current line position

Format:	POS line-number
.verbose

What it	does
POS  positions UEDT to a given line number and then make that  line  number
the current line.

Why use	it?
Use POS	to position UEDT quickly to a line number.

Examples:

	*POS 14
Sets the current line position to line 14.

	*POS 788
	*DEL
Positions UEDT to line 788 and then deletes that line.

.end
.item remove 4
REMOVE - Remove	a number of lines from UEDT text buffer

Format:	REMOVE	first-line last-line
.verbose

What it	does
REMOVE	deletes	 a number of lines starting from first-line and	 ending	 at
last-line.   If	 last-line is omitted then only	first-line is removed.	 If
both first-line	and last-line are omitted then the current line	is deleted.
first-line must	always be less than or equal to	last-line.

Why use	it?
Use REMOVE to remove unwanted lines from your file.

Examples:

	*REMOVE 10 23
Removes	line 10	through	23 inclusive.

	*REMOVE
Removes	1 line at the current position.

.end
.item view 4
VIEW - View text around	the current line position when in UEDT

Format:	VIEW line-number
.verbose

What it	does
VIEW  displays text before and after line-number and sets the current  line
position  to  line-number.   A	* is placed after the line  number  of	the
current	 line.	 If  line-number is missing VIEW displays text	around	the
current	line.

Why use	it?
Use VIEW to position to	a line number and then see a portion of	text around
the current line number.

Example:

	*VIEW 45
Position to line 45 and	view adjacent text.

.end
.item helpgen 5
HELPGEN	- Generate help	and error message files

Format:	HELPGEN{switches} input-file output-file {verbose}

Switches
	/>,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and	/<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
HELPGEN	 generates  help and error message files that may be used by  CLIP.
HELPGEN	 reads	input-file  which contains  special  commands  that  direct
HELPGEN	 to  build  output-file.  The  option verbose  is  only	 used  when
generating  help  files	and indicates to HELPGEN that a	verbose	version	 of
the help file should be	built.

Why use	it?
Use HELPGEN after you have changed text	in the CLIP help or error files	and
you  want that text incorporated in on-line help and error  messages.	Use
the verbose option to generate a lengthy help file.

.pause

Format of special commands:
(Note: all commands that begin with a period (.) should	start in column	1.)

For error files:
	.error		Designates the	start of an error message file.
	.item n		Begins	error message number n.
	.end		Marks the end of the error message file.
	|		Specifies  that a new line not	be generated on	this
			line.
.pause

For help files:
	.help		Designates the	start of a help	message	file.
	.title	c w n text-title
			Creates	a help class number c with a title of text-
			title.	 The  items in the help	menu will be placed
			on a line of width w with n items per line.
	.item text c	Begins	an item	whose name is text and which belongs
			to help	class c.
	.verbose	Designates  the start of verbose text until a	.end
			is encountered.
	.pause		Causes	 the CLIP to pause when	displaying the	help
			information.
	.goto text	Causes	 help  information  from  item	text  to  be
			displayed in place of the .goto	command.
	.end		Marks the end of an individual	help item.

.pause

Type
	A) HELPGEN cliphelp.msg cliphelp.ovl verbose
to generate a verbose (long) help message file.

Type
	A) HELPGEN cliphelp.msg cliphelp.ovl
to generate a short help message file.

Type
	A) HELPGEN cliermsg.msg cliermsg.ovl
to generate an error message file.

Examples  on  the usage	of HELPGEN commands may	be found in  error  message
file CLIERMSG.MSG and in the help file CLIPHELP.MSG.

.end
.item bc 6
BC - Binary file comparison

Format:	BC{switches} file1 file2

Switches
   />,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
BC compares two	files byte by byte and reports their differences.

Why use	it?
Use BC to determine if two binary files	(e.g., .COM files) are different.

.pause

Examples:

	A) BC jar.com glass.com
	BC - Binary File Comparer
	Copyright 1983	Thoughtware, Inc.

	   	   JAR.COM	GLASS.COM
	00000049:  67		FE
	0000004A:  22		2B
	0000004C:  FE		96
displays the differences between files jar.com and glass.com.

	A) BC flag.old	flag.new
	BC - Binary File Comparer
	Copyright 1983	Thoughtware, Inc.
compares file flag.old with flag.new and finds no differences.

.end
.item bfe 6
BFE - Binary file editor

Format:	BFE{switches} file

Switches
   />,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
BFE interactively edits	a file in binary.  BFE commands	are

	hhhhhh<ESC>	opens	 file  location	 hhhhhh	 and  displays	 the
			contents of the	file in	hex and	ASCII.
	^X or {CR}	opens next file location.
	^E		opens previous	file location.
	hh		deposits hex value hh at current open file location.
	"c or 'c	deposits  ASCII  character  c at current  open	 file
			location.
	.		exits BFE.

.pause

Why use	it?
Use  BFE for examining or modifying files larger than your available memory
or for patching	.COM files.

Example:

	A) BFE	umbrella.com
	BFE - Binary File Editor	      Copyright	1983  Thoughtware, Inc.
	_15<ESC>
	00000015/ 61 a	_^X
	00000016/ 72 r	_31{cr}
	00000017/ 65 e	_^E{cr}
	00000016/ 31 1	_feff<ESC>
	0000FEFF/ 1A .	_"?{cr}
	0000FF00/ 1A .	_^E{cr}
	0000FEFF/ 3F ?	_.{cr}

	2 locations modified.	9 locations examined.

.end
.item dmp 6
DMP - Dump file	in hex and ASCII

Format:	DMP{switches} file {starting-record} {ending-record}

Switches
   />,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
DMP  displays  a  file	in  both  hex  and  ASCII  optionally  starting	 at
hexadecimal  record  starting-record and optionally ending  at	hexadecimal
record	ending-record.	 If  starting-record is	omitted	then  record  0	 is
assumed;   if  ending-record is	omitted	then the last logical record in	the
file is	assumed.

Why use	it?
Use DMP	to display portions or all of a	file in	hex and	ASCII.

.pause

Examples:

	A) DMP	phone.com
displays the complete contents of file phone.com.

	A) DMP	phone.com 4F
displays file phone.com	starting at record 4F to the end of the	file.

	A) DMP	phone.com 31 44
displays file phone.com	starting at record 31 and ending at record 44.

.end
.item HC 6
HC - Horizontal	file concatenate

Format:	HC{switches} file1 file2

Switches
   />,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
HC concatinates	each line of file1 with	each line of file2 respectively.

Why use	it?
Use HC to join two files so that the first line	of one file is joined  with
the first line of the other file and so	on.

.pause

Examples:

	A) HC/>hc.out filter.out pad.out
horizontally concatenates filter.out with pad.out.

	A) DIR/W:1 | SRT | PAD/>file1 20
	A) DIR/W:1 | SRT /d | PAD/>file2 20
	A) HC/>both file1 file2
produces  a  sorted list of the	directory in both ascending and	 descending
order in file both.

.end
.item lcase 6
LCASE -	Convert	text to	lower case

Format:	LCASE{switches}

Switches
   />,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
LCASE converts the standard input to lower case.

Why use	it?
Use LCASE to convert all text to the same case.

Examples:

	A) DIR	| LCASE
produces a directory listing in	lower case.

	A) LCASE/<report.txt
converts text in report.txt to lower case and displays it.

	A) LCASE/<report.txt/>report.out
converts text in report.txt to lower case and stores it	in report.out

.end
.item pad 6
PAD - Pad standard input with blanks

Format:	PAD{switches} {w}

Switches
   />,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
PAD blank pads the standard input so that it is	w characters wide.  If w is
omitted	80 is assumed.	If the line to be padded is greater than w, then it
will truncated to w characters.

Why use	it?
Used PAD to make each line in a	file the same length.

.pause

Examples:

	A) PAD/>padded
pads input from	the keyboard to	80 characters and stores it in file padded.

	A) PAD/<bug/>bug.out 40
pads file bug to 40 characters and stores it in	file bug.out.

.end
.item sc 6
SC - Source file comparison

Format:	SC{switches} file1 file2 {match-size} {window-size}

Switches
   />,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
SC compares two	text files and displays	their differences.   The match-size
is   the  number  of  lines  that  have	 to  match  before  the	 files	are
resynchronized.	  The  window-size  is the number of look ahead	lines  that
will  be used to to find matches.  The default match-size is 4.

.pauae

Why use	it?
Use SC to determine the	differences between two	files.

Examples:
	A) SC hart.old	hart.new
compares file hart.old with file hart.new.

	A) SC market.pas market.bak 1
compares file market.pas with file market.bak with a match size	of 1.

.end
.item sr 6
SR - Search for	a pattern

Format:	SR{switches} pattern

Switches
   />,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
SR  searches  for  a pattern and displays it.	Patterns  may  contain	the
following templates:

	+	matches any number of characters.
	*	matches only one character.
	@c	matches the character c literally.
	\	matches not the following pattern.

.pause

Why use	it?
USE SR to find and display lines which match certain patterns.

Examples:

	A) SR/<error.lst +ERROR+
displays  all the lines	which contain any number of characters followed	 by
ERROR  followed	 by any	number of characters (i.e.  ERROR anywhere  on	the
line).

	A) SR/<report1.txt +an+\+another+\+and+
displays all lines that	contain	the text "an" but not the text "another" or
"and".

	A) DIR/w:1 | SR M*
displays all the two letter directory files that begin with M.

	A) SR/<addition.pkg/>addition.out + :=	+ @+ +%ascii 3b%
places in file addition.out all	lines of the form a := b + c;.

.end
.item srt 6
SRT - Sort a file in memory

Format:	SRT{switches} {/d}

Switches
   />,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
SRT  sorts a file in memory in ascending order.	  The /d switch	produces  a
sort in	descending order.

Why use	it?
Use SRT	to sort	files.

.pause

Examples:

	a) SRT/<word.lst/>word.srt
sorts file word.lst and	stores it in file word.srt

	A) DIR/W:1 | SRT
produces a sorted directory with one line per file.

	A) XW/<report.txt | SRT/>words.srt /d
produces a sorted list of every	word in	report.txt in descending order.

.end
.item ucase 6
UCASE -	Convert	text to	upper case

Format:	UCASE{switches}

Switches
   />,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
UCASE converts the input to all	upper case.

Why use	it?
Use UCASE to convert text to only one case.

Examples:

	A) UCASE/<memo1.txt/>lst:
produces the file memo1.txt in upper case on the lst device.

	A) HELP UCASE | UCASE
displays the UCASE help	text in	upper case.

.end
.item uniq 6
UNIQ - Display unique lines of text

Format:	UNIQ{switches}

Switches
   />,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
UNIQ  displays	unique	lines  of text from a  sorted  list  by	 discarding
duplicate lines.

Why use	it?
Use  UNIQ  to produce a	unique word list suitable for use with	a  spelling
checker.

.pause

Examples:

	A) UNIQ/<list.srt
displays all the unique	lines in file list.srt.

	A) DIR/W:1/>files.out a:*.*; DIR/W:1/>>files.out b:*.*
	A) SRT/<file.out | UNIQ
displays all the unique	file names from	disk A and disk	B.

	A) XW/<letter | SRT | UNIQ/>words
extracts all the unique	words from file	letter.

.end
.item wc 6
WC - Count lines, words, and bytes

Format:	WC{switches}

Switches
   />,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
WC counts all the lines, words,	and bytes in a file.

Why use	it?
Use WC to determine the	size of	a file in terms	of lines words and bytes.

.pause

Examples:

	A) WC/<drum
	12 134	4567
displays the lines, words, and bytes of	file drum.

	A) DIR	| WC
	3 8 180
shows that there are 8 directory files.

.end
.item xc 6
XC - Extract columns

Format:	XC{switches} starting-column {ending-column}

Switches
   />,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
XC  extracts  a	range of columns starting at starting-column and ending	 at
ending-column  inclusively.   If  ending-column	is not specified  the  last
column is assumed.

Why use	it?
Use XC to remove columns of text from a	file.

Examples:

	A) XC/<balance	7 20
displays the columns 7 to 20 inclusively.

	A) DIR	| XC 3 3
displays column	3 from the directory.

	A) XC/<purchase 40 67 | pad/>purchase.col 30
	A) HC purchase.col purchase | srt | XC/>purchase.srt 31
produces a sorted version of file purchase, sorted on columns 40 to 67.

.end
.item xw 6
XW - Extract words from	a file

Format:	XW{switches}

Switches
   />,/>&,/>>,/>>&,/< and /<&  see the IO_REDIRECTION help topic
.verbose

What it	does
XW extracts words and places them one word per line.   Words are defined as
the letters A-Z, a-z, the numbers 0-9, and the symbols ', _, and -.

Why use	it?
Use XW to create a wordlist.

.pause

Examples:

	A) XW/<planet.bas
displays all the words in file planet.bas.

	A) TYPE *.LSP | XW
displays all the words from all	the *.LSP files.

	A) DIR	| XW
displays the directory with one	file per line analogous	with DIR/W:1.

.end