.Y 1 90 110 0 0 2 0 65 2 2 0 0 35 5
.YS 1 90 110 0 0 1 0 65 2 2 1 0 35 5
.YS
.YT 0 0 3 2 3 30 1 10 10 0
.HCities in Change
.DCE
     We have already examined the factors which will cause cities to change,and can now turn to speculation about the specific directions of that change.

     We have seen that current trends point toward increasing urban sprawl inthe future.  Urban areas that are close together often spread out until theirboundaries merge.  If this phenomenon continues it will result in huge "urbanregions"**
.FT
This term was coined by H.G. Wells, who predicted the existence of such regionsin his book Αξτιγιπατιοξσ, published in 1902.  (Harper & Brothers), pp. 67-70.
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 containing many cities which have grown together.   Land between cities insuch a region may appear to be rural, but any point in the region will beclearly in the sphere of influence of a nearby city.**
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Christopher Tunnard, "America's Super Cities," Τανιξη Νεηαμοπομισ, Vol. I, pp.6-10.
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  The result will be an urban area in which the cities may not be spatiallyconnected, but where they are dependent upon and mutually influence each other.

     If a city is restricted from spreading out but continues to grow inpopulation, its density must increase.  The skyscraper is one attempt toincrease density and make efficient use of scarce land.  Skyscrapers areconvenient as well as efficient, since they permit interrelated businessactivities to take place in proximity.**
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Jean Gottman, "Why the Skyscraper?" Τανιξη Νεηαμοπομισ, Vol. I, pp. 438-441.
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     One technique for integrated living in skyscrapers is the "vertical city"concept of Paolo Soleri.  These vertical cities would bring together within asingle, huge complex, space for housing, work (both industrial and non-industrial), recreation, shopping, and education.  Such a city, however, wouldbe a radical departure from what many Americans consider a desirable way tolive.  A considerable attitude change must take place before the vertical cityis a realistic alternative.**
.FT
"Arcology," Ξεχσχεελ (March 2, 1970), pp. 78-79.
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     Another efficient use of urban space would be the construction of hugeunderground systems beneath cities.  This space could be used for storage,parking, automated industry, and high speed transit.**
.FT
"Subterranean Systems," Αςγθιτεγτυςαμ Ζοςυν (November 1971), pp.58-59.
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  Space above ground would be freed for more compact dwelling, working, andrecreation areas.