R: Morrow Designs Micro-Menu system - Rev 2.2 R: Module - TUTORIAL.PIL R: Copyright 1982, 1983, 1984 Morrow Inc. R: All Rights Reserved R: Written by Harrison Schreppel for Morrow R: Revised by J. VanderWood for CP/M 3.0 R: ESC:*RETURN *BEGIN CLRS: T:{ T H E F U N D A M E N T A L S O F C P / M 3 . 0} LF:2 T: This is the Co-pilot Menus' online crash course in CP/M. This screen T: is intended as a "quick reference guide" for people who are just T: learning to use CP/M. For additional information or variations on T: any of the commands shown, just enter the number next to the command. T: You can return to the Co-pilot Main Menu at any time by pressing ESC.} T: T: {1 Use of control keys in CP/M} T: {2 USER}- Change user number T: {3 DIR}/{DIRSYS}- Display a list of files on a disk T: {4 ERA}- Erase a file or series of files from a disk T: {5 REN}- Rename a file T: {6 SHOW}- Report system status T: {7 TYPE}- Display a file on the screen T: {8 PIP}- Move or copy files T: {9 SET}- Set file characteristics T: {A Advanced course}(Digital Research's HELP Utility) T: T: {ESC }Return to Main Menu *ACTION CUR:0,22 TNR: CUR:0,22 TNR: {Pick a subject: } INMAX: 1 A: M:1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A, JN: *ACTION M: 1, JY:*CONTROL M: 2, JY:*USER M: 3, JY:*DIR M: 4, JY:*ERA M: 5, JY:*REN M: 6, JY:*SHOW M: 7, JY:*TYPE M: 8, JY:*PIP M: 9, JY:*SET M: A, JY:*HELP *CONTROL R: definition of control keys CLRS: T: {CONTROL KEY CODES} T: T: T: There are five control codes which have special meaning in CP/M. To T: enter a control code, hold the CTRL key down and press the appropriate T: letter key. The control codes that are used by CP/M and their meanings T: are as follows: T: T:{CONTROL-C}- This is used in CP/M to re-initialize the system. Anytime T: you change diskettes in a drive, you should type CONTROL-C so that the T: operating system will know that a diskette was changed. T: T:{CONTROL-P}- This code is used to tell CP/M that characters sent to the T: screen should also be sent to the printer. This will remain in effect T: until you press CONTROL-P a second time to turn off the routing to the T: printer, or until you reset the system. T: T: T: (Press any key to continue) A: *CONTPAGE2 CLRS: T:{Control keys, continued} LF: 3 T:{CONTROL-Q}- These keys are used to resume scrolling on the screen after T: scrolling was paused with CONTROL-S (see below). T: T:{CONTROL-S}- This is used to pause or "freeze" the characters that are T: scrolling by on the screen. Pressing any other character will resume T: output (scrolling) to the screen. T: T: There is a set of additional control keys that let you edit a CP/M com- T: mand line, if you notice corrections or changes you want to make before T: pressing RETURN. These commands bear some resemblance to comparable T: editing commands in NewWord or WordStar. They are listed on the next T: page. LF: 4 TNR: Type R to review the previous page or anything else to continue: HOLD: *CONTROL *CONTPAGE3 CLRS: T:{Control keys, continued} T: T: {Editing the Command Line} T: T:{CONTROL-A}- Moves the cursor one character space left. T:{CONTROL-B}- Moves the cursor to the beginning of the command line; if it's T: already there, moves it to the end of the line. T:{CONTROL-E}- Skips the command without erasing it; the cursor moves down to T: the next line. T:{CONTROL-F}- Moves the cursor one character space right. T:{CONTROL-G}- Erases the character under the cursor; the cursor doesn't move. T:{CONTROL-H}- Moves the cursor one space left; deletes the character there. T:{CONTROL-I}- Same as pressing TAB; moves cursor to next tab stop. T:{CONTROL-J / CONTROL-M}- Same as pressing RETURN; sends the command to CP/M. T:{CONTROL-K}- Erases the line from the cursor to the end of the line. T:{CONTROL-R}- Retypes the command line, keeping only what was to the left of T: the cursor. Puts "##" where the cursor was in the bad line. T:{CONTROL-U}- Discards the command line altogether. Puts "##" where the cur- T: sor was in the discarded command line. T:{CONTROL-W}- Recalls the most recently executed command line for editing or T: re-entry. T:{CONTROL-X}- Deletes the line from the cursor to the beginning of the line. T: TNR: Type R to review the previous page or anything else to continue: HOLD: *CONTPAGE2 J: *BEGIN *USER CLRS: T: {The USER Command} LF: 2 T: A hard disk can hold so many files, there has to be a scheme of grouping T: files into manageable sets. CP/M 3.0 does this by way of assigning every T: file a "user number." Files with the same user number are not grouped T: physically on the disk; it is a "logical" association that you should use T: in a logical way. For example, you could assign all NewWord-generated T: memos the same user number. T: T: CP/M allows a total of 16 user numbers, 0 through 15. Your hard disk is T: preconfigured with certain user numbers dedicated to the data files you T: create when running your software. If you find this configuration to be T: less than optimal for your needs, you can "move" the files to different T: user numbers, or otherwise rearrange things as you see fit. But this T: requires a little experience with CP/M. T: T: In order to work with most files, especially data files, you first need T: to log into that file's user number. This is done automatically by the T: Co-pilot system when you select a program (and choose a "file drawer," if T: the program is set up to work with more than one user number). To log T: into various user numbers directly from CP/M, you employ the USER command. T: TNR: (Type any key to continue) A: *USERPAGE2 CLRS: T:{The USER command, continued} LF: 2 T: Your CP/M prompt tells you which user number you're presently logged into. T: If there's no number there, you're in user 0. For example: T: T: When you see: You're logged into: T: T:{ A>} drive A:, user 0 T:{ 5A>} drive A:, user 5 T:{ 14B>} drive B:, user 14 T:{ D>} drive D:, user 0 T: T: As is further discussed under DIR and SET, there is an exception to the T: rule that you have to log into a user number before using any of its files: T: If a file is in user 0 and has been set as a "system" file, it can be ac- T: cessed from any other user number. So you can presume that all of your T: Morrow-supplied software fits these "system" criteria. T: T:{Moving among the user numbers:} The USER command is one of the easiest to T: master. Examples and restrictions are presented on the next page. LF: 2 TNR: Type R to review the previous page or anything else to continue: HOLD: *USER *USERPAGE3 CLRS: T:{The USER command, continued} T:{EXAMPLES:} T: T: To change to user 4 on the same drive, from whatever your current user T: may be, type: T: {USER 4} T: T: To change to drive B: while keeping the same user number, simply use the T: change logged drive command: T: {B:} T: T: If you want to do both of these, that is, change both drive and user num- T: ber, you have to enter both commands, in either order. (Hint: there is a T: shortcut--type "4B:" for example.) T: T: Remember that when you create a file using NewWord, SuperCalc, etc., it is T: assigned the user number that was in force when you started up the program. T: To change the user number, copy the file from one number to the other with T: PIP, using the "g" option; then erase the original file. T: T: Lastly, DIR displays only those files in the current user number, unless T: you attach the [user=##] option to it (see DIR). T: TNR: Type R to review the previous page or anything else to continue: HOLD: *USERPAGE2 J: *BEGIN *DIR R: description of directory command CLRS: T: {The DIR and DIRSYS Commands LF: 2 T:DIR -} This command displays a list of all "directory" files on a disk, T:within the current user number. Its format is: T: T: {DIR x:} T: T:Where x: is an optional drive letter (A:, B:, etc.). If no disk drive is T:specified, CP/M will give you a listing of the files on the drive that is T:currently logged, that is, the drive whose letter appears in the CP/M T:prompt (A>, B>, etc.). T: T:{EXAMPLE 1: }Assume you are on drive A:, in user number 0. (You can tell T: you're in user number 0 if no number appears in front of the letter in T: the CP/M prompt.) To get a list of all the files on this drive and user T: number, you would type: T: T: {DIR} LF: 2 T: (Type any key to continue) A: *DIRPAGE2 CLRS: T:{The DIR command, continued} LF: 3 T:{EXAMPLE 2: }Your CP/M prompt reads "3C>", which means you're logged onto T: drive C: in user number 3. You want to examine the directory of user T: number 2 on drive A:. This requires that you use the "[user=##]" option: T: T: {DIR A: [USER=2]} T: T:There are several other options that can be specified on the DIR command T:line, the most notable of which is the "full listing" option. All files T:(both directory and system files) are listed alphabetically, along with T:their sizes and other information. An example of such a command line is T:"DIR [FULL]". Refer to the CP/M User's Guide for further details. LF: 2 T: {DIRSYS -}This command is very similar to DIR, except that it lists files T: that have the "system attribute" assigned to them. DIR will not show T: show these files but reports instead: SYSTEM FILES EXIST. All of the T: rules for using DIRSYS are the same as those for DIR. LF: 2 TNR: Type R to review the previous page or anything else to continue: HOLD: *DIR CLRS: T:{ The DIRSYS command, continued} LF: 3 T: Every file has either a {system}or a{directory}attribute. The practical T: difference is that directory files can be accessed only when you're al- T: ready logged into their user number. System files can be accessed from T: {any}user number, so long as they reside in user number 0 of their disk. T: Thus it is normal for all system files to be stored in user 0. T: T: The programs on your hard disk (such as NewWord) have been set up as T: system files so you can run them from any user number. Files are set to T: the directory flavor by default, unless you use the SET command to reset T: their status to system files. T: T: DIRS is an acceptable abbreviation of DIRSYS. T: T: See also SET. LF: 5 TNR: Type R to review the previous page or anything else to continue: HOLD: *DIRPAGE2 J:*BEGIN *ERA R: description of the ERA command CLRS: T: {The ERA Command} LF: 3 T: This command is used to erase files from a disk. The format is: T: T: {ERA FILENAME} T: T: where FILENAME is any valid CP/M filename. The filename may be prefixed T: by a drive letter (as in ERA{B:}FILENAME ). If you don't type a drive T: letter then the currently logged drive will be used, that is, the drive T: whose letter appears in the CP/M prompt (A>, 4C>, etc.). T: T: Although you don't have to be logged onto the drive with the file to be T: erased, you do need to be in the same user number as the file. T: T: Note that you cannot erase files that have been set as "read only" with T: the SET command; nor can you erase files from write-protected diskettes. T: T: T: T: (Press any key to continue) A: CLRS: T:{EXAMPLE 1: }Assume you are on drive B:, in user number 0. (You can tell T: you're in user number 0 if no number appears in front of the letter in T: in the CP/M prompt.) To erase a file named "USELESS" on this drive and T: user number, you would type: T: T: {ERA USELESS} T: T:{EXAMPLE 2: }Your CP/M prompt reads "12A>", which means you're logged onto T: drive A: in user 12. You want to erase the file "GOBBLDIG.OOK" in user T: number 6 on drive B:. First you must change user numbers: T: T: {USER 6} T: T: Your prompt now reads "6A>". You could either proceed to log onto drive T: B: by typing B: [RETURN], and then type ERA GOBBLDIG.OOK [RETURN]. Or T: you could use this shortcut instead: T: T: {ERA B:GOBBLDIG.OOK} T: T: The general rule is: You can erase files from on other drives, but only T: within the current user number. To erase files from another user number, T: first log into that number with the USER command, then use ERA. T: TNR: Type R to review the previous page or anything else to continue: HOLD: *ERA J:*BEGIN *REN R: description of the REN command CLRS: T: {The REN Command} LF: 3 T:You may change the name that you have given to a file with the REN (rename) T:command. To use REN, you would type: T: T: {REN NEWNAME=OLDNAME} T: T:The file you wish to rename need not be on the current drive (the one whose T:letter appears in the CP/M prompt - B>, 5A>, etc.), but it must be in the T:current user number. See USER for more details on user numbers. T:{ T:EXAMPLE:}Assume you are logged onto drive B: user 0, and you want to change T: the name of the file LETTER.TXT on drive A:, user 0 to the new name MEMO.- T: TXT. You would type: T: T: {REN B:MEMO.TXT=B:LETTER.TXT} LF: 4 T: (Type any key to continue) A: CLRS: T:{The REN command, continued} LF: 6 T:Note that you can't rename files that have been made read-only with the SET T:command, and you can't rename files on write-protected diskettes. If you T:try to give a file a name that's already in use on the same drive and user T:number, you'll get an error message. You then have the option of deleting T:the file that possesses the name you wish to use. LF: 4 TNR:Type R to review the previous page or anything else to continue: HOLD: *REN J:*BEGIN *SHOW R: description of the SHOW command CLRS: T: {The SHOW Command} LF: 3 T: This command reports how much space is left on a disk, whether the disk is T: read/write or read-only (see SET), the number of files for each user number T: on the disk, and how many directory entries are still available on the disk. T: Thus SHOW can be useful for making sure that your hard disk isn't getting T: too crowded. T: T: The examples below show the options that are used with SHOW. "Statistics" T: refers to free disk space and read/write status. LF: 2 T: {SHOW} - Statistics for all logged drives. T: {SHOW A:} - Statistics for drive A: only T: {SHOW [LABEL]} - Reports disk label info (see CP/M User's Guide) T: {SHOW [USERS]} - Reports file counts by user number T: {SHOW [DIR]} - Reports free directory entries LF: 3 T: (Type any key to continue) A: J:*BEGIN *TYPE R: description of the TYPE command CLRS: T: {The TYPE Command} LF: 2 T: The TYPE command is used to display text files on the screen. To use TYPE, T: first log into the user number (see USER) that contains the file, and enter: T: T: {TYPE x:FILENAME} T: T: where "x:" is the drive letter, if the file is on a drive other than the T: current one. (The current drive is the one whose letter appears in the CP/M T: prompt - A> 5C>, etc.) T: T: The contents of FILENAME will roll up your screen a screenful at a time. You T: can cause the "scrolling" to be continuous instead by typing: T: T: {TYPE FILENAME [NO PAGE]} T: T: When you do this, you can pause the scrolling with CTRL-S and resume it with T: CTRL-Q (see "Control keys in CP/M"). To{abort}the display before the end of T: the file, type CTRL-C. You can have your printer{print}the file at the same T: time as it appears on the screen by typing CTRL-P before the TYPE command. T: T: (Type any key to continue) A: J:*BEGIN *PIP R: PIP and its uses CLRS: T: {The PIP Command} T: T: This command is used to copy files and move them around. It is the most T: versatile CP/M command, and so it has a list of options as long as your arm. T: We'll just cover the most frequently used options here. For more info, see T: your CP/M User's Guide. T: T: PIP can move files from one disk to another, from a disk to the screen, or T: from a disk to the printer. The following examples illustrate the most T: common forms of using PIP. The one possibly confusing detail to keep in T: mind is that the "destination" file comes {before}the "source file" in the T: command lines. T: T: {PIP B:=A:FILENAME} - Makes a duplicate copy on drive B, of the file T: FILENAME on drive A. You should be logged into T: FILENAME's user number; the copy will have the T: same user number as the original. T: T: {PIP C:NEWNAME=B:OLDNAME} - Makes a duplicate copy on drive C of OLDNAME on T: drive B, calling the copy NEWNAME. See above T: for user number details. T: T: (Press any key to continue) A: *PIPPAGE2 CLRS: T:{The PIP command, continued} LF: 2 T: {PIP B:=A:*.* [V]} - Copies all files in the current user number from T: drive A to drive B. (See your CP/M User's Guide T: for how to use "wildcards" in filenames when T: working with multiple files.) The [V] option T: means PIP will verify that the files are copied T: correctly. T: T:{PIP A: [g1]=SOMEFILE [g2]}- Copies SOMEFILE from user 2 to user 1, keeping T: the same filename. (Files on the same disk but T: with different user numbers can have identical T: names. LF: 2 T: Additional PIP capabilities include combining several small files into one T: large one; sending files to peripheral devices (like LST:, which is usually T: your printer); clearing text files of form feeds and set high-order bits; T: converting characters in text files from lower to upper case; and more! LF:3 TNR: Type R to review the previous page or anything else to continue: HOLD: *PIP J:*BEGIN *SET R:a description of SET CLRS: LF: T: {The SET Command} LF: 3 T: This command establishes a variety of your file's characteristics, such as T: whether it is read/write or read-only, and whether access to it requires a T: password. The same "attributes" can be applied to entire disks with SET. T: The general format of SET commands is: T: T: {SET x:FILENAME [attributes]} T: T: where x: is an optional drive letter and [attributes] are optional codes T: that control FILENAME's characteristics. LF: 2 T:{Read-only versus read/write:} When you create a file, CP/M sets it up as T: read/write by default. This means it can be modified or erased at your T: pleasure. However, you may want to make certain important, static files T: read-only, so they cannot be changed or erased by accident. (This will not T: protect them from physical damage or from erasure by disk reformatting.) T: T: T: (Type any key to continue) A: *SETPAGE2 CLRS: T:{The SET command, continued} LF: 2 T: When you a set a whole disk to be read-only, you can't copy files onto it, T: erase files from it, or modify or rename any of its files. Note that read- T: only disks are reset to read/write whenever you reboot the system. T: T:{EXAMPLES:} To set file IMPORT.ANT on drive B: to read only, first be sure T: you are in the correct user number, and type: T: T: {SET B:IMPORT.ANT [RO]} T: T: (User numbers are discussed in detail under USER.) To set the entire disk T: in drive C: to read-only status, type: T: T: {SET C: [RO]} T: T: To return IMPORT.ANT back to read/write status, type: T: T: {SET B:IMPORT.ANT [RW]} LF: 3 TNR: Press R to return to the previous page or anything else to continue: HOLD: *SET *SETPAGE3 CLRS: T:{The SET command, continued} LF: 2 T: To return the read-only disk to read/write, type either CTRL-C or: T: T: {SET C: [RW]} LF: 2 T:{Protecting files with passwords:} Unfortunately, it's impossible to give a T: short and simple discussion of this involved (and potentially hazardous) T: function of the SET command. In brief, you must first enable protection T: for the whole disk, and then you may specify passwords for individual files. T: Finally, you should protect the SET command itself so others can't undo T: what you've done. All of this is generally impractical if you're the only T: person using the computer. T: T: A full discussion of password protection can be found in the CP/M User's T: Guide under the SET command. T: T: NOTE: If you do assign passwords to disks or files, make sure you keep T: written records of the passwords, lest you forget them. LF: 2 TNR: Press R to return to the previous page or anything else to continue: HOLD: *SETPAGE2 *SETPAGE4 CLRS: T:{The SET command, continued} LF: 2 T:{Directory vs. System status:} As discussed under DIR / DIRSYS, you can set T: a file up to have either of these attributes. Directory files can only be T: accessed from their own user number; that is, you can't run a program in T: user number 3 from user number 4, if it has the directory attribute. Such T: files are listed with the DIR command. CP/M assigns files the directory T: attribute until you use SET to change this. T: T: "System" files, by contrast, can be accessed from any user number but they T: must reside in user number 0 for this to work. A normal use of this capa- T: bility is to keep a single copy of your software, set to system status, in T: user number 0, so you can run it with files that are scattered throughout T: other user numbers. For example, your hard disk comes from the factory T: with NewWord software set to run from any user number, so you can organize T: your documents in various other user numbers, as if they were so many file T: drawers. T: T: System files are listed with the DIRSYS command. LF: 2 TNR: Type R to review the previous page or anything else to continue: HOLD: *SETPAGE3 CLRS: T:{The SET command, continued} T: T:{EXAMPLE: }Suppose you've just purchased a new program "Wondersoft" that T: you've copied onto your hard disk (Drive A:, user 0) using PIP. You'd T: like to be able to run it from numbers 14 and 15, where you'll store T: its data files. Wondersoft uses two files: WONDER.COM and WONDER.OVR. T: The commands to set these files to system status are: T: T: {SET WONDER.COM [SYS]} T: {SET WONDER.OVR [SYS]} T: T:{NOTES:} 1. In the example above, you must have already logged onto drive T: A:, user 0 before typing the commands. T: T: 2. To change a system file to directory status, use the same com- T: mand, substituting [DIR] for [SYS]. T: T: 3. PIP will not copy system files. Reverse their status first. T: T: 4. The above example is a prime candidate for using "wildcards," T: which are covered in your CP/M User's Guide. The command with T: wildcards would be SET WONDER.* [SYS]. T: TNR: Type R to review the previous page or anything else to continue: HOLD: *SETPAGE4 J:*BEGIN *HELP R:Launches user into Digital's HELP system CLRS: LF: 2 T: {CP/M 3.0 ADVANCED COURSE} LF: 3 T: Your Co-pilot Menu System now turns you over to Digital Research's system T: of "help messages." This is the same function as if you were to type HELP T: at the CP/M prompt. T: T: These descriptions of the various CP/M commands have the advantage of being T: more complete than those presented by Co-pilot; however, they are also much T: more technical and condensed. Note that if you specify an optional subtopic, T: you need to precede the name of the subtopic with a period or comma, depend- T: ing on the context. T: T: When you're ready to return to Co-pilot, press RETURN at the HELP> prompt. LF: 5 TNR: Type R to return to the previous menu or anything else to proceed: HOLD: *BEGIN EXIST: HELP.COM UN: *NOHELP CPMY: HELP| J: *BEGIN *NOHELP CLRS: LF: 12 T: The HELP utility program appears to be missing from your disk. TNR: Type any key to return to the first menu: A: J: *BEGIN R:========================================================================== *RETURN CLRS: LF: 11 T:{ T:Returning to Co-pilot Main Menu. Please stand by ... CH:MICRO.PIL