The 1916 mule halfpenny

A small number of 1916 halfpennies were struck with the obverse die for an Indian quarter anna. The existence of these coins was not known until the end of June 1965 when Cecil Poole found one in Adelaide. The discovery was announced in the Adelaide Advertiser on 14/7/65:

> Biggest Find in Coin History

> An authority on coins has hailed the Adelaide discovery of an incorrectly minted 1916 halfpenny as the biggest find in the history of Australian coinage.

> The halfpenny is minted on the obverse side like an Indian halfpenny of the same period. It was found by Mr. C. C. Poole of Norma Street, Mile End, while searching for another coin in his collection. He noticed that the obverse side had an English language inscription around the edge instead of the usual Latin inscription. The chain around the King's neck also showed an elephant.

> Authentic

> Mr D. H. Skinner, author of the Australian Commonwealth Coinage Guide said yesterday he had no doubt the coin was authentic.

> Mr Skinner said the 1916 bronze Australian coins were minted at Calcutta. Obviously, some Australian halfpennies had been minted with the Indian obverse die.

> He said the rare Australian 1930 penny had been discovered soon after it was minted. "Now we have a coin, minted nearly half a century ago, just being discovered as a collector's item."

> Mr Skinner valued the halfpenny at at least £150.

In the 10th edition (1976) of Renniks4b the whole of page 8 is devoted to the the authenticity the mule halfpenny. The tone of the article is somewhat defensive, suggesting that Skinner must have received quite a bit of negative feedback as a result of his endorsement. Support for such a conjecture is lent by the long string of articles and letters appearing in Australian Coin Review from November 1965 until the issue was finally settled in January 1967 after the coins had been authenticated by the British Museum and Spink & Son. (Apparently an earlier authentication June 1966 by the Royal Australian Mint did not satisfy numismatists.)

It is not clear whether the striking of these coins was deliberate or accidental. According to Myatt and Hanley16, about 250 of these coins were struck of which 60 or so were given away and the rest were included with the production mintage. If this assertion is correct then the mixing of dies may well have been deliberate but the authors do not give the source of their information. Furthermore, no specimen has turned up in India or England, so casting doubt on the authors' claim. All coins known have been pulled from circulation.

If the Myatt & Hanley assertion is true then there would have been 190 mules in amongst 3.6 million coins which translates to one in every 19,000. Given that the number of 1916 halfpennies still in existence is probably well below 100,000 and that the mule is not particularly noticeable then the chance that another will surface is quite low.

At least five of these extraordinary coins are known to exist, and the number may be as high as seven. As mentioned, the first publicised discovery was that of Cecil Poole. The second which came to light as a result of the press article was owned by Darcy Koschade of Fullarton, Victoria and was subsequently bought by Dion Skinner. In the November 1965 issue of ACR, Skinner revealed that Mr Koschade had inherited the coin upon the death of his brother, Robert, in January 1947. The recollection of the Koschade family was that Robert had found the coin in the period 1930 to 1933 and had regarded it as his prize possession.

The first four coins discovered were:

1. 8/7/65: Cecil Poole, West Richmond, SA announced his discovery at a meeting of the Numismatic Society.
2. 15/7/65: Darcy Koschade, Fullarton VIC showed his coin to Ian Muddle, coin auctioneer and dealer. Coin was subsequently offered at public auction on 27/7/65 and purchased by Dion Skinner for £80.
3. 25/7/65: C. H. Grause, Fitzroy, VIC.
4. Oct 1965: Adelaide Advertiser reported a coin discovered by Marie Calderwood. (Ref: ACR, Nov '65, Editorial)

One of the first two coins was advertised by Skinner in the March 1967 issue of Australian Coin Review for sale by tender and eventually fetched $1300. If the picture in the June issue accompanying the notice of sale is to be believed then it was the Poole coin which was sold but it is possible the magazine just used an earlier block without regard for the actual coin. Another specimen was advertised by E. P. Rose of Sydney in the October 1967 issue of the same magazine but no provenance was given. From the low-resolution picture it seems unlikely that it was either the Poole or the Koschade coin.
What status should be given to these coins? Should they be regarded as mainstream circulation issue or dismissed as errors? My inclination is to accept them as mainstream. In forming that opinion, I noted that these coins were produced in an official branch of the Royal Mint, were struck under contract from the Australian government, were released as part of the normal circulation issue, and did indeed circulate in Australia for very many years.

1916 mule halfpenny
| H16C.2A One of the very few known examples of the H16C mule.

The quarter anna coin is similar in size to the Australian halfpenny and the obverses look quite similar but there are several differences. The quarter anna coin has

- a much simpler legend,
- a small elephant near the bottom of the bust
- no "pearls" in the band of the crown

Furthermore, the planchet for the quarter anna was somewhat thinner than that for the halfpenny. A halfpenny weighs around 5.6g whereas the quarter anna registers only 4.9g.

The pictures below show the differences.

Quarter anna and halfpenny compared
| Full coin views of obverses of an Australian halfpenny and of a quarter anna. Note that the quarter anna obverse illustrated here is from a coin dated 1933 and is slightly different from the 1916 obverse. Can you pick the difference?
| Crown headbands on the halfpenny (top) and the quarter anna. Note that "pearls" are present on the halfpenny but not on the quarter anna.
| Elephant lurking in the regalia
| Reverse of a 1933 quarter anna.

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Most recent revision: 14th July 2001 - historical notes
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